Le pattern de la bourse caudale chez les Heligmonellidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina): Caractérisation et hypothèse sur son évolution

The different patterns of the caudal bursa of the Heligmonellidae (Nematoda) are redefined, taking into account the grouping of rays 2-6 and the sequence of origin of these rays from their common trunk. The type of symmetry of the caudal bursa is also redefined. The following patterns were observed and characterized: the basic patterns: types 2-3, 2-2-1, 1-3-1 and 1-4 and the intermediary patterns: type 2-3 tending to type 2-2-1, type 2-2-1 tending to type 1-3-1, type 1-3-1 tending to type 1-4 and type 2-2-1 tending to type 1-4. An evolutionary interpretation of the patterns is attempted and seems to follow the direction: 2-3 to 2-2-1 to 1-3-1 to 1-4. Seven atypical patterns are described. The caudal bursae were classified based on their symmetry: subsymmetrical, dissymmetrical and asymmetrical. Independently of the type of symmetry, the two latero-ventral lobes may have the same or different patterns. The type of symmetry, the ratio between the two latero-ventral lobes and a characteristic pattern were utilized to characterize the caudal bursae at the level of the genus and the subfamily. The combination of the right/left ratio and the type of symmetry gives heterogeneous results, with no real association between these characters. The most conspicuous asymmetries and dissymmetries were found among the Nippostrongylinae. The most frequent pattern in the Heligmonellidae is the basic type 2-2-1; types 1-3-1 and 1-4 are less frequent but are characteristic of several genera; type 1-4 is absent from the Heligmonellinae. Whatever the pattern, in the Heligmonellidae rays 4 and 5 are the last to diverge from the common trunk of rays 2-6.Les différents patterns de la bourse caudale chez les Heligmonellidae (Nematoda) sont redéfinis en tenant compte du groupement des côtes 2-6 et de la séquence d’apparition de ces côtes sur leur tronc commun. Le type de symétrie est également redéfini. Les patterns suivants sont observés et caractérisés : les patterns de base : type 2-3, 2-2-1, 1-3-1 et 1-4 et les patterns intermédiaires : type 2-3 à tendance 2-2-1, 2-2-1 à tendance 1-3-1, 1-3-1 à tendance 1-4 et 2-2-1 à tendance 1-4. Une interprétation évolutive des patterns est proposée et semble suivre la direction : 2-3 vers 2-2-1 vers 1-3-1 vers 1-4. Sept patterns atypiques sont décrits. Les bourses caudales sont classifiées selon leur symétrie en : subsymétrique, dissymétrique et asymétrique. Indépendamment du type de symétrie, les deux lobes latéro-ventraux peuvent avoir un pattern identique ou différent. Le type de symétrie, le rapport évolutif entre les deux lobes latéro-ventraux et un type de pattern caractéristique ont été utilisés pour caractériser les bourses caudales au niveau du genre et de la sous-famille. La combinaison du rapport droite/gauche et le type de symétrie donnent des résultats hétérogènes sans véritable lien entre ces caractères. Les asymétries et les dissymétries les plus manifestes sont trouvées parmi les Nippostrongylinae. Le pattern le plus fréquemment rencontré chez les Heligmonellidae est le type de base 2-2-1 ; les types 1-3-1 et 1-4 sont moins fréquents mais caractéristiques de plusieurs genres ; le type 1-4 est absent chez les Heligmonellinae. Chez les Heligmonellidae, quel que soit le pattern, les côtes 4 et 5 sont les dernières à diverger du tronc commun aux côtes 2-6.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Le pattern de la bourse caudale chez les Heligmonellidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina): Caractérisation et hypothèse sur son évolution

The different patterns of the caudal bursa of the Heligmonellidae (Nematoda) are redefined, taking into account the grouping of rays 2-6 and the sequence of origin of these rays from their common trunk. The type of symmetry of the caudal bursa is also redefined. The following patterns were observed and characterized: the basic patterns: types 2-3, 2-2-1, 1-3-1 and 1-4 and the intermediary patterns: type 2-3 tending to type 2-2-1, type 2-2-1 tending to type 1-3-1, type 1-3-1 tending to type 1-4 and type 2-2-1 tending to type 1-4. An evolutionary interpretation of the patterns is attempted and seems to follow the direction: 2-3 to 2-2-1 to 1-3-1 to 1-4. Seven atypical patterns are described. The caudal bursae were classified based on their symmetry: subsymmetrical, dissymmetrical and asymmetrical. Independently of the type of symmetry, the two latero-ventral lobes may have the same or different patterns. The type of symmetry, the ratio between the two latero-ventral lobes and a characteristic pattern were utilized to characterize the caudal bursae at the level of the genus and the subfamily. The combination of the right/left ratio and the type of symmetry gives heterogeneous results, with no real association between these characters. The most conspicuous asymmetries and dissymmetries were found among the Nippostrongylinae. The most frequent pattern in the Heligmonellidae is the basic type 2-2-1; types 1-3-1 and 1-4 are less frequent but are characteristic of several genera; type 1-4 is absent from the Heligmonellinae. Whatever the pattern, in the Heligmonellidae rays 4 and 5 are the last to diverge from the common trunk of rays 2-6.Les différents patterns de la bourse caudale chez les Heligmonellidae (Nematoda) sont redéfinis en tenant compte du groupement des côtes 2-6 et de la séquence d’apparition de ces côtes sur leur tronc commun. Le type de symétrie est également redéfini. Les patterns suivants sont observés et caractérisés : les patterns de base : type 2-3, 2-2-1, 1-3-1 et 1-4 et les patterns intermédiaires : type 2-3 à tendance 2-2-1, 2-2-1 à tendance 1-3-1, 1-3-1 à tendance 1-4 et 2-2-1 à tendance 1-4. Une interprétation évolutive des patterns est proposée et semble suivre la direction : 2-3 vers 2-2-1 vers 1-3-1 vers 1-4. Sept patterns atypiques sont décrits. Les bourses caudales sont classifiées selon leur symétrie en : subsymétrique, dissymétrique et asymétrique. Indépendamment du type de symétrie, les deux lobes latéro-ventraux peuvent avoir un pattern identique ou différent. Le type de symétrie, le rapport évolutif entre les deux lobes latéro-ventraux et un type de pattern caractéristique ont été utilisés pour caractériser les bourses caudales au niveau du genre et de la sous-famille. La combinaison du rapport droite/gauche et le type de symétrie donnent des résultats hétérogènes sans véritable lien entre ces caractères. Les asymétries et les dissymétries les plus manifestes sont trouvées parmi les Nippostrongylinae. Le pattern le plus fréquemment rencontré chez les Heligmonellidae est le type de base 2-2-1 ; les types 1-3-1 et 1-4 sont moins fréquents mais caractéristiques de plusieurs genres ; le type 1-4 est absent chez les Heligmonellinae. Chez les Heligmonellidae, quel que soit le pattern, les côtes 4 et 5 sont les dernières à diverger du tronc commun aux côtes 2-6.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Polycomb Group-Dependent, Heterochromatin Protein 1-Independent, Chromatin Structures Silence Retrotransposons in Somatic Tissues Outside Ovaries

Somatic cells are equipped with different silencing mechanisms that protect the genome against retrotransposons. In Drosophila melanogaster, a silencing pathway implicating the argonaute protein PIWI represses retrotransposons in cells surrounding the oocyte, whereas a PIWI-independent pathway is involved in other somatic tissues. Here, we show that these two silencing mechanisms result in distinct chromatin structures. Using sensor transgenes, we found that, in somatic tissues outside of the ovaries, these transgenes adopt a heterochromatic configuration implicating hypermethylation of H3K9 and K27. We identified the Polycomb repressive complexes (PRC1 and 2), but not heterochromatin protein 1 to be necessary factors for silencing. Once established, the compact structure is stably maintained through cell divisions. By contrast, in cells where the silencing is PIWI-dependent, the transgenes display an open and labile chromatin structure. Our data suggest that a post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism is responsible for the repression in the ovarian somatic cells, whereas a mechanism that couples PTGS to transcriptional gene silencing operates to silence retrotransposons in the other somatic tissues

Flexible Power Modeling of LTE Base Stations

With the explosion of wireless communications in number of users and data rates, the reduction of network power consumption becomes more and more critical. This is especially true for base stations which represent a dominant share of the total power in cellular networks. In order to study power reduction techniques, a convenient power model is required, providing estimates of the power consumption in different scenarios. This paper proposes such a model, accurate but simple to use. It evaluates the base station power consumption for different types of cells supporting the 3GPP LTE standard. It is flexible enough to enable comparisons between state-of-the-art and advanced configurations, and an easy adaptation to various scenarios. The model is based on a combination of base station components and sub-components as well as power scaling rules as functions of the main system parameters

Molineus cati n. sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea), a parasite of feral cats, Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 in South Africa

A new species of the genus Molineus Cameron, 1923 was recovered from feral cats, Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758, in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Because of a caudal bursa with rays of the 2-1-2 type, but with the extremities of rays 4 nearer those of rays 3 than those of rays 5, the new species is closely related to seven Neotropical Molineus spp., four parasitic in Primates, two parasitic in Mustelidae and one a parasite of Procyonidae. Amongst these species, only Molineus barbaris Cameron, 1936, a parasite of Tayra barbara (Mustelidae) from Trinidad and Molineus vexillarius (Dunn, 1961), a parasite of Tamarinus nigricollis (Primates) from Peru have rays 4 longer than two-thirds the length of rays 3, like the new species. However, the new species is differentiated from the other two in that rays 9 arise at the level of the bifurcation of the dorsal ray and not after the division as is the case with M. barbaris and M. vexillarius.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat v.9 was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.mn201

Framework for energy efficiency analysis of wireless networks

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